Question: Diocletian attempted to prevent rebellion in the Roman Empire by A Redistributing imperial defense among local militia B Entering into treaties with bordering states C Removing the distinction between

Question: Diocletian attempted to prevent rebellion in the Roman Empire by A Redistributing imperial defense among local militia B Entering into treaties with bordering states C Removing the distinction between “better people” and “humbler people” D Separating civil and military authority in the provinces Question: Roman morality primarily emphasized A A personal relationship with the gods B Virtue, faithfulness, and respect C Power, status, and wealth D Democracy, equality, and generosity Question: Muhammad changed his attitude toward the Jews because they refused to A Pay the zakat B Recognize him as a prophet and convert C Take part in the battle of Badr D Resettle in either Mecca or Medina Question: Concerns about national security and a desire for wealth led the Romans to A Undertake expansionist campaigns against their neighbors B Arrange foreign marriages in the hope of creating ties with their neighbors C Negotiate defensive treaties with all of Rome’s major trading partners D Establish temples to all the major gods of the most powerful foreign nations Question: The jra was A A tax levied on nonbelievers living in an Islamic state B The chief religious official of Islam C Muhammad’s departure from Mecca for Medina D The religious court that decided cases of alleged blasphemy Question: The Umayyad caliphate’s (r. c. 661–750) policy toward Christians and Jews was A Toleration and protection, but these groups had to pay a special tax B Banishment from the lands of Islam C A choice between conversion and death D To kill males and sell females into slavery Question: The First Triumvirate of Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar formed in 60 BCE when A The three men teamed up for an assault on Egypt B Spartacus’s slave army threatened to overrun Rome C The Senate’s challenge to Pompey forced him into a coalition with his two greatest rivals D The Senate recognized that the empire had grown too large for only two consuls Question: The poet Ovid (43 BCE–17 CE), fell out of favor with Augustus in 8 BCE when he A Published the irreverent and bawdy Art of Love B Refused to write a poem praising the first ten years of Augustus’s reign C Became involved in a scandal with Augustus’s granddaughter D Criticized Augustus’s transformation of government in Metamorphoses Question: Which of the following is not a reason for the practice of iconoclasm? A Icons violated biblical injunctions against graven images B The Muslims believed they succeeded in battle because they avoided images of humans C Monasteries holding icons undermined the emperor’s place in Christianity  ? D They drained the economy by pouring money into art instead of useful commodities Question: The Roman legend known as the “Rape of the Sabine Women” illustrates A The Roman belief that one man can make a decisive difference in the course of his nation’s history B Rome’s tradition of absorbing different peoples into its citizen body, a practice that ed make Rome a world power C The Romans’ reverence for virtuous matrons and their dedication to justice D The Romans’ wanton disregard for women, whom they treated little better than slaves Question: was the main tactic used by the plebeians to force the patricians to make political and economic concessions? A They went “on strike,” withdrawing from the city and refusing to work or engage in military service B They invaded patrician estates and freed their slaves C They instructed their tribunes to veto every measure that the patricians strove to pass in the assembly D They rioted, destroying a significant part of the Roman forum Question: Augustus fulfilled his role as Rome’s patron by providing A The first public fire department in Western history B Free public baths for the poor C Free medical care for all children D A mail system for Rome and the Italian peninsula Question: The Roman governor Pontius Pilate (r. 26–36 CE) executed Jesus of Nazareth because A He felt offended by Jesus’ teachings, which criticized deeply held notions of social hierarchy B He feared that Jesus harbored political aspirations and might incite a Jewish revolt C Jesus had argued that the Roman Empire was fundamentally corrupt and that Jews should refuse to pay taxes D All of the above Question: During the Roman republic, the political career of a patrician typically consisted of A Achieving success in business or agriculture, financing a shrine or other public building, then being elected, in succession, to the offices of aedile, consul, and, finally, pontifex maximus B Military service, an appointment to the Senate, and then being elected, in succession, to the offices of censor, tribune, and, finally, consul C Military service, and then being elected, in succession, to the offices of quaestor, aedile, praetor, and, finally, consul D Military service culminating in a generalship, and then being elected, in succession, to the offices of quaestor, censor, and, finally, consul or pontifex maximus Question: One fundamental difference between slavery in Rome and in Greece was that A Roman men could raise their children by female slaves as legitimate children and heirs B Greeks tended not to enslave other Greeks, but Romans preferred Italian-born slaves C Roman slaves gained citizenship with their freedom, but Greek slaves did not D Greek slaves had some legal protections against abuse, but Roman slaves did not Question: The office of tribune differed from most other political offices because A It was established to serve and protect the plebeian order, not all of society B Former slaves who had served in the military could stand for election as tribunes C It was the only official position that had been retained from the era of the monarchy D Senators were eligible to be elected to the post Question: Which of the following accurately compares Spain and Italy regarding ecclesiastical authority? A In Spain, bishops supported their kings, whereas in Italy, the papacy was forever at odds with neighboring monarchs B The Spanish bishops opposed their king, whom they blamed for the Muslim invasion, whereas the pope supported the Lombard king as a bulwark against Byzantine influence C The Spanish were more receptive than the Italians to the teachings of the Catholic church, with its emphasis on asceticism D The papacy consisted of a highly organized hierarchy, whereas the Spanish church was merely a loose collection of parishes Question: Between 630 and 730, the Byzantine Empire A Revived the urban lifestyle of the Roman Empire B Lost much of its territory to invading Islamic armies C Recognized the bishop of Rome as the leader of all Christendom D Ordered all official documents to be written in Latin instead of Greek Question: Roman Christianity’s organization was based on bishops’ and archbishops’ control of territorial units called A Abbeys B Shires C Themes D Dioceses Question: Theodoric ruled from 493 to 526 over an Ostrogoth kingdom that A Tried to maintain the Roman Empire’s prestige by retaining elements of its rule, such as the Senate B Sought to eliminate all reminders of Roman rule in order to emphasize the power of the new king C Was supposedly ruled by the puppet emperor Romulus Augustulus D Forcibly converted its inhabitants to Arian Christianity Question: When Diocletian came to power in 284, he indicated his autocratic intentions by A Rreplacing the title princeps with dominus, the term that slaves called their masters B Proclaiming himself the head of the state and of the Christian church C Eliminating the Senate, consuls, and all other vestiges of republican rule D Appointing only fellow Dalmatians to important positions Question: Which of the following was not a reason that Christianity was attractive after the reign of Constantine? A Christianity’s new official status attracted believers in the military, who no longer faced a conflict between serving the state and serving Christ B Christian merchants, who could now be open about their faith, offered lower prices to fellow Christians C Christianity offered people a strong sense of community with co-religionists D Christianity’s adherents took up charitable works and philanthropy